CHEQUE DISHONOUR LAW

The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881

 ^{138 Dishonour of cheque for insufficiency, etc., of funds in the account. —}

 Where any cheque drawn by a person on an account maintained by him with a banker for payment of any amount of money to another person from out of that account for the discharge, in whole or in part, of any debt or other liability, is returned by the bank unpaid, either because of the amount of money standing to the credit of that account is insufficient to honour the cheque or that it exceeds the amount arranged to be paid from that account by an agreement made with that bank, such person shall be deemed to have committed an offence and shall, without prejudice to any other provisions of this Act, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may be extended to two years, or with fine which may extend to twice the amount of the cheque, or with both:

 Provided that nothing contained in this section shall apply unless—

 (a) the cheque has been presented to the bank within a period of six months from the date on which it is drawn or within the period of its validity, whichever is earlier;

 (b) the payee or the holder in due course of the cheque, as the case may be, makes a demand for the payment of the said amount of money by giving a notice in writing, to the drawer of the cheque, within thirty days of the receipt of information by him from the bank regarding the return of the cheque as unpaid; and

(c) the drawer of such cheque fails to make the payment of the said amount of money to the payee or, as the case may be, to the holder in due course of the cheque, within fifteen days of the receipt of the said notice.

Explanation.— For the purposes of this section, “debt or other liability” means a legally enforceable debt or other liability.

 Comments by author –

 (a) The cheque has to be presented to the bank - within a period of six months from the date on which it is drawn or within the period of its validity, whichever is earlier;

to check period of validity of cheque.

 (b) the payee or the holder in due course of the cheque, as the case may be, makes a demand for the payment of the said amount of money by giving a notice in writing, to the drawer of the cheque, within thirty days of the receipt of information by him from the bank regarding the return of the cheque as unpaid; and

 That is notice to be given within 30 days from receipt of information by him from the bank regarding the return of the cheque as unpaid

 (c) the drawer of such cheque fails to make the payment of the said amount of money to the payee or, as the case may be, to the holder in due course of the cheque, within fifteen days of the receipt of the said notice.

within fifteen days of the receipt of the said notice by payer, he shall make the payment, otherwise case can be filed within how much days.

It shall not be a defence in a prosecution for an offence under section 138 that the drawer had no reason to believe when he issued the cheque that the cheque may be dishonoured on presentment for the reasons stated in that section.

[2nd August, 2018.]

An Act further to amend the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881.

BE it enacted by Parliament in the Sixty-ninth Year of the Republic of India as follows:—

Short title and commencement.

1. (1) This Act may be called the Negotiable Instruments (Amendment) Act, 2018.

(2) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint.

Insertion of new section 143A.

2. In the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (hereinafter referred to as the principal Act), after section 143, the following section shall be inserted, namely:—

‘‘143A. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, the Court trying an offence under section 138 may order the drawer of the cheque to pay interim compensation to the complainant—

(a) in a summary trial or a summons case, where he pleads not guilty to the accusation made in the complaint; and

2 of 1974.

26 of 1881.

Power to direct interim compensation.

jftLVªh lañ Mhñ ,yñ—(,u)04@0007@2003—18

PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY

lañ 32] ubZ fnYyh] c`gLifrokj] vxLr 2] 2018@Jko.k 11] 1940 ¼'kd½

New Delhi, the 2nd August, 2018/Shravana 11, 1940 (Saka)

The following Act of Parliament received the assent of the President on the

2nd August, 2018, and is hereby published for general information:—

(b) in any other case, upon framing of charge.

(2) The interim compensation under sub-section (1) shall not exceed twenty

per cent. of the amount of the cheque.

(3) The interim compensation shall be paid within sixty days from the date of the

order under sub-section (1), or within such further period not exceeding thirty days as

may be directed by the Court on sufficient cause being shown by the drawer of the

cheque.

(4) If the drawer of the cheque is acquitted, the Court shall direct the complainant

to repay to the drawer the amount of interim compensation, with interest at the bank

rate as published by the Reserve Bank of India, prevalent at the beginning of the

relevant financial year, within sixty days from the date of the order, or within such

further period not exceeding thirty days as may be directed by the Court on sufficient

cause being shown by the complainant.

(5) The interim compensation payable under this section may be recovered as if

it were a fine under section 421 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.

(6) The amount of fine imposed under section 138 or the amount of compensation

awarded under section 357 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, shall be reduced

by the amount paid or recovered as interim compensation under this section.’’.

3. In the principal Act, after section 147, the following section shall be inserted,

namely:—

‘‘148. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal

Procedure, 1973, in an appeal by the drawer against conviction under section 138, the

Appellate Court may order the appellant to deposit such sum which shall be a minimum

of twenty per cent. of the fine or compensation awarded by the trial Court:

Provided that the amount payable under this sub-section shall be in addition to

any interim compensation paid by the appellant under section 143A.

(2) The amount referred to in sub-section (1) shall be deposited within sixty

days from the date of the order, or within such further period not exceeding thirty days

as may be directed by the Court on sufficient cause being shown by the appellant.

(3) The Appellate Court may direct the release of the amount deposited by the

appellant to the complainant at any time during the pendency of the appeal:

Provided that if the appellant is acquitted, the Court shall direct the complainant

to repay to the appellant the amount so released, with interest at the bank rate as

published by the Reserve Bank of India, prevalent at the beginning of the relevant

financial year, within sixty days from the date of the order, or within such further period

not exceeding thirty days as may be directed by the Court on sufficient cause being

shown by the complainant.’’.

2 of 1974.

2 of 1974.

Insertion of new

section 148.

Power of

Appellate Court

to order payment

pending appeal

against

conviction.

2 of 1974.

MGIPMRND—1322GI(S3)—02-08-2018.

UPLOADED

PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY

lañ 32] ubZ fnYyh] c`gLifrokj] vxLr 2] 2018@Jko.k 11] 1940 ¼'kd½

New Delhi, the 2nd August, 2018/Shravana 11, 1940 (Saka)

The following Act of Parliament received the assent of the President on the

2nd August, 2018, and is hereby published for general information:—

(b) in any other case, upon framing of charge.

(2) The interim compensation under sub-section (1) shall not exceed twenty

per cent. of the amount of the cheque.

(3) The interim compensation shall be paid within sixty days from the date of the

order under sub-section (1), or within such further period not exceeding thirty days as

may be directed by the Court on sufficient cause being shown by the drawer of the

cheque.

(4) If the drawer of the cheque is acquitted, the Court shall direct the complainant

to repay to the drawer the amount of interim compensation, with interest at the bank

rate as published by the Reserve Bank of India, prevalent at the beginning of the

relevant financial year, within sixty days from the date of the order, or within such

further period not exceeding thirty days as may be directed by the Court on sufficient

cause being shown by the complainant.

(5) The interim compensation payable under this section may be recovered as if

it were a fine under section 421 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.

(6) The amount of fine imposed under section 138 or the amount of compensation

awarded under section 357 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, shall be reduced

by the amount paid or recovered as interim compensation under this section.’’.

3. In the principal Act, after section 147, the following section shall be inserted,

namely:—

‘‘148. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal

Procedure, 1973, in an appeal by the drawer against conviction under section 138, the

Appellate Court may order the appellant to deposit such sum which shall be a minimum

of twenty per cent. of the fine or compensation awarded by the trial Court:

Provided that the amount payable under this sub-section shall be in addition to

any interim compensation paid by the appellant under section 143A.

(2) The amount referred to in sub-section (1) shall be deposited within sixty

days from the date of the order, or within such further period not exceeding thirty days

as may be directed by the Court on sufficient cause being shown by the appellant.

(3) The Appellate Court may direct the release of the amount deposited by the

appellant to the complainant at any time during the pendency of the appeal:

Provided that if the appellant is acquitted, the Court shall direct the complainant

to repay to the appellant the amount so released, with interest at the bank rate as

published by the Reserve Bank of India, prevalent at the beginning of the relevant

financial year, within sixty days from the date of the order, or within such further period

not exceeding thirty days as may be directed by the Court on sufficient cause being

shown by the complainant.’’.

2 of 1974.

2 of 1974.

Insertion of new

section 148.

Power of

Appellate Court

to order payment

pending appeal

against

conviction.

2 of 1974.

MGIPMRND—1322GI(S3)—02-08-2018.

UPLOADED BY THE MANAGER, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PRESS, MINTO ROAD, NEW DELHI–110002

AND PUBLISHED BY THE CONTROLLER OF PUBLICATIONS, DELHI–110054.

————

DR. G. NARAYANA RAJU,

Secretary to the Govt. of India

Section 144 in The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881

144. Mode of service of summons.—

 (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), and for the purposes of this Chapter, a Magistrate issuing a summons to an accused or a witness may direct a copy of summons to be served at the place where such accused or witness ordinarily resides or carries on business or personally works; for gain, by speed post or by such courier services as are approved by a Court of Session.

(2) Where an acknowledgment purporting to be signed by the accused or the witness or an endorsement purported to be made by any person authorised by the postal department or the courier services that the accused or the witness refused to take delivery of summons has been received, the Court issuing the summons may declare that the summons has been duly served.

Section 145 in The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881

145. Evidence on affidavit.—

(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), the evidence of the complainant may be given by him on affidavit and may, subject to all just exceptions be read in evidence in any enquiry, trial or other proceeding under the said Code.

(2) The Court may, if it thinks fit, and shall, on the application of the prosecution or the accused, summon and examine any person giving evidence on affidavit as to the facts contained therein.

Section 146 in The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881

146. Bank’s slip prima facie evidence of certain facts.—

The Court shall, in respect of every proceeding under this Chapter, on production of bank’s slip or memo having thereon the official mark denoting that the cheque has been dishonoured, presume the fact of dishonour of such cheque, unless and until such fact is disproved.

Section 147 in The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881

147 Offences to be compoundable. —

Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), every offence punishable under this Act shall be compoundable.

 > No dishonour of Cheque if Advocate's fee was based on percentage of Compensation awarded by Court

       December 23, 2017[2017] 88 taxmann.com 250 (SC) -   NI Act: Claim of fees by an advocate based on percentage of subject matter in litigation could not be a

      basis of complaint under section 138.

 > IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI

+ CRL.REF.No.1/2016

Date of decision : 17th October 2017

DAYAWATI ..... Petitioner

versus

YOGESH KUMAR GOSAIN ..... Respondent

Question I : What is the legality of referral of a criminal compoundable case (such as on u/s 138 of the NI Act) to mediation?

It is legal to refer a criminal compoundable case as one under Section 138 of the NI Act to mediation.

Question II : Can the Mediation and Conciliation Rules, 2004 formulated in exercise of powers under the CPC, be imported and applied in criminal cases? If not, how to fill the legal vacuum? Is there a need for separate rules framed in this regard (possibly u/s 477 of the CrPC)?

The Delhi Mediation and Conciliation Rules, 2004 issued in exercise of the rule making power under Part-10 and Clause (d) of sub-section (ii) of Section 89 as well as all other powers enabling the High Court of Delhi to make such rules, applies to mediation arising out of civil as well as criminal cases.

Question III : In cases where the dispute has already been referred to mediation – What is the procedure to be followed thereafter? Is the matter to be disposed of taking the very mediated settlement agreement to be evidence of compounding of the case and dispose of the case, or the same is to be kept pending, awaiting compliance thereof (for example, when the payments are spread over a long period of time, as is usually the case in such settlement agreements)?

In the context of reference of the parties, in a case arising under Section 138 of the NI Act, to mediation is concerned, the following procedure is required to be followed :

III (i) When the respondent first enters appearance in a complaint under Section 138 of the NI Act, before proceeding further with the case, the Magistrate may proceed to record admission and denial of documents in accordance with Section 294 of the Cr.P.C., and if satisfied, at any stage before the complaint is taken up for hearing, there exist elements of settlement, the magistrate shall inquire from the parties if they are open to exploring possibility of an amicable resolution of the disputes.

III (ii) If the parties are so inclined, they should be informed by the court of the various mechanisms available to them by which they can arrive at such settlement including out of court settlement; referral to Lok Adalat under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987; referral to the court annexed mediation centre; as well as conciliation under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.

III (iii) Once the parties have chosen the appropriate mechanism which they would be willing to use to resolve their disputes, the court should refer the parties to such forum while stipulating the prescribed time period, within which the matter should be negotiated (ideally a period of six weeks) and the next date of hearing when the case should be again placed before the concerned court to enable it to monitor the progress and outcome of such negotiations.

III (iv) In the event that the parties seek reference to mediation, the court should list the matter before the concerned mediation centre/mediator on a fixed date directing the presence of the parties/authorized representatives before the mediator on the said date.

III (v) If referred to mediation, the courts, as well as the mediators, should encourage parties to resolve their overall disputes, not confined to the case in which the reference is made or the subject matter of the criminal complaint which relates only to dishonouring of a particular cheque.

III (vi) The parties should endeavour to interact/discuss their individual resolutions/proposals with each other as well and facilitate as many interactions necessary for efficient resolution within the period granted by the court. The parties shall be directed to appear before the mediator in a time bound manner keeping in view the time period fixed by the magistrate.

III (vii) In the event that all parties seek extension of time beyond the initial six week period, the magistrate may, after considering the progress of the mediation proceedings, in the interest of justice, grant extension of time to the parties for facilitating the settlement. For the purposes of such extension, the magistrate may call for an interim report from the mediator, however keeping in mind the confidentiality attached to the mediation process. Upon being satisfied that bona fide and sincere efforts for settlement were being made by the parties, the magistrate may fix a reasonable time period for the parties to appear before the mediator appointing a next date of hearing for a report on the progress in the mediation. Such time period would depend on the facts and circumstances and is best left to the discretion of the magistrate who would appoint the same keeping in view the best interest of both parties.

Contents of the settlement

III (viii) If a settlement is reached during the mediation, the settlement agreement which is drawn-up must incorporate :

(a) a clear stipulation as to the amount which is agreed to be paid by the party;

(b) a clear and simple mechanism/method of payment and the manner and mode of payment;

(c) undertakings of all parties to abide and be bound by the terms of the settlement must be contained in the agreement to ensure that the parties comply with the terms agreed upon;

(d) a clear stipulation, if agreed upon, of the penalty which would enure to the party if a default of the agreed terms is committed in addition to the consequences of the breach of the terms of the settlement;

(e) an unequivocal declaration that both parties have executed the agreement after understanding the terms of the settlement agreement as well as of the consequences of its breach;

(f) a stipulation regarding the voluntariness of the settlement and declaration that the executors of the settlement agreement were executing and signing the same without any kind of force, pressure and undue influence.

III (ix) The mediator should forward a carefully executed settlement agreement duly signed by both parties along with his report to the court on the date fixed, when the parties or their authorized representatives would appear before the court. 89

Proceedings before the court

III (x) The magistrate would adopt a procedure akin to that followed by the civil court under Order XXIII of the C.P.C.

III (xi) The magistrate should record a statement on oath of the parties affirming the terms of the settlement; that it was entered into voluntarily, of the free will of the parties, after fully understanding the contents and implications thereof, affirming the contents of the agreement placed before the court; confirming their signatures thereon. A clear undertaking to abide by the terms of the settlement should also be recorded as a matter of abundant caution.

III (xii) A statement to the above effect may be obtained on affidavit. However, the magistrate must record a statement of the parties proving the affidavit and the settlement agreement on court record.

III (xiii) The magistrate should independently apply his judicial mind and satisfy himself that the settlement agreement is genuine, equitable, lawful, not opposed to public policy, voluntary and that there is no legal impediment in accepting the same.

III (xiv) Pursuant to recording of the statement of the parties, the magistrate should specifically accept the statement of the parties as well as their undertakings and hold them bound by the terms of the settlement terms entered into by and between them. This order should clearly stipulate that in the event of default by either party, the amount agreed to be paid in the settlement agreement will be recoverable in terms of Section 431 read with Section 421 of the Cr.P.C.

III (xv) Upon receiving a request from the complainant, that on account of the compromise vide the settlement agreement, it is withdrawing himself from prosecution, the matter has to be compounded. Such prayer of the complainant has to be accepted in keeping with the scheme of Section 147 of the NI Act. (Ref.:(2005) CriLJ 431, Rameshbhai Somabhai Patel v. Dineshbhai Achalanand Rathi)

At this point, the trial court should discharge/acquit the accused person, depending on the stage of the case. This procedure should be followed even where the settlement terms require implementation of the terms and payment over a period of time.

III (xvi) In the event that after various rounds of mediation, the parties conclude that the matter cannot be amicably resolved or settled, information to this effect should be placed before the magistrate who should proceed in that complaint on merits, as per the procedure prescribed by law.

III (xvii) The magistrate should ensure strict compliance with the guidelines and principles laid down by the Supreme Court in the pronouncement reported at (2010) 5 SCC 663, Damodar S. Prabhu v. Sayed Babalal H and so far as the settlement at the later stage is concerned in (2014) 10 SCC 690 Madhya Pradesh State Legal Services Authority v. Prateek Jain.

III (xvii) We may also refer to a criminal case wherein there is an underlying civil dispute. While the parties may not be either permitted in law to compound the criminal case or may not be willing to compound the criminal case, they may be willing to explore the possibility of a negotiated settlement of their civil disputes. There is no legal prohibition to the parties seeking mediation so far as the underlying civil dispute is concerned. In case a settlement is reached, the principles laid down by us would apply to settlement of such underlying civil disputes as well.

In case reference in a criminal case is restricted to only an underlying civil dispute and a settlement is reached in mediation, the referring court could require the mediator to place such settlement in the civil litigation between the parties which would proceed in the matter in accordance with prescribed procedure.

Question IV : If the settlement in Mediation is not complied with – is the court required to proceed with the case for a trial on merits, or hold such a settlement agreement to be executable as a decree?

In case the mediation settlement accepted by the court as above is not complied with, the following procedure is required to be followed :

IV (i) In the event of default or non-compliance or breach of the settlement agreement by the accused person, the magistrate would pass an order under Section 431 read with Section 421 of the Cr.P.C. to recover the amount agreed to be paid by the accused in the same manner as a fine would be recovered.

IV (ii) Additionally, for breach of the undertaking given to the magistrate/court, the court would take appropriate action permissible in law to enforce compliance with the undertaking as well as the orders of the court based thereon, including proceeding under Section 2(b) of the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 for violation thereof.

Question V : If the Mediated Settlement Agreement, by itself, is taken to be tantamount to a decree, then, how the same is to be executed? Is the complainant to be relegated to file an application for execution in a civil court? And if yes, what should be the appropriate orders with respect to the criminal complaint case at hand. What would be the effect of such a mediated settlement vis-à-vis the complaint case?

V (i) The settlement reached in mediation arising out of a criminal case does not tantamount to a decree by a civil court and cannot be executed in a civil court.

However, a settlement in mediation arising out of referral in a civil case by a civil court, can result in a decree upon compliance with the procedure under Order XXIII of the C.P.C. This can never be so in a mediation settlement arising out of a criminal case.

> IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 1731 OF 2017

(ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CRL.) NO.5451 OF

2017)

M/S. METERS AND INSTRUMENTS PRIVATE LIMITED

& ANR. …APPELLANTS

VERSUS

KANCHAN MEHTA ...RESPONDENT

WITH CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 1732 OF 2017 (ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CRL.) NO.5441 OF 2017)

18. From the above discussion following aspects emerge:

i) Offence under Section 138 of the Act is primarily a civil wrong. Burden of proof is on accused in view presumption under Section 139 but the

standard of such proof is “preponderance of probabilities”. The same has to be normally tried summarily as per provisions of summary trial under the Cr.P.C. but with such variation as may be appropriate to proceedings under Chapter XVII of the Act. Thus read, principle of Section 258 Cr.P.C. will apply and the Court can close the proceedings and discharge the accused on

satisfaction that the cheque amount with assessed costs and interest is paid and if there is no reason to proceed with the punitive aspect.

ii) The object of the provision being primarily compensatory, punitive element being mainly with the object of enforcing the compensatory element, compounding at the initial stage has to be encouraged but is not debarred at later stage subject to appropriate compensation as may be found acceptable to the parties or the Court.

iii) Though compounding requires consent of both parties, even in absence of such consent, the Court, in the interests of justice, on being satisfied that the complainant has been duly compensated, can in its discretion close the

proceedings and discharge the accused.

iv) Procedure for trial of cases under Chapter XVII of the Act has normally to be summary. The discretion of the Magistrate under second proviso to Section 143, to hold that it was undesirable to try the case summarily as sentence of more than one year may have to be passed, is to be exercised after considering the further fact that apart from the sentence of imprisonment, the

Court has jurisdiction under Section 357(3) Cr.P.C. to award suitable compensation with default sentence under Section 64 IPC and with

further powers of recovery under Section 431 Cr.P.C. With this approach, prison sentence of more than one year may not be required in all

cases.

v) Since evidence of the complaint can be given on affidavit, subject to the Court summoning the person giving affidavit and examining him and

the bank’s slip being prima facie evidence of the dishonor of cheque, it is unnecessary for the Magistrate to record any further preliminary

evidence. Such affidavit evidence can be read as evidence at all stages of trial or other proceedings. The manner of examination of the person giving affidavit can be as per Section 264 Cr.P.C. The scheme is to follow summary

procedure except where exercise of power under second proviso to Section 143 becomes necessary, where sentence of one year may have to be awarded and compensation under Section 357(3) is considered inadequate, having regard to the amount of the cheque, the financial capacity and the conduct of the accused or any other circumstances.

19. In view of the above, we hold that where the cheque amount with interest and cost as assessed by the Court is paid by a specified date, the Court is entitled to close the proceedings in

exercise of its powers under Section 143 of the Act read with Section 258 Cr.P.C. As already observed, normal rule for trial of cases under Chapter XVII of the Act is to follow the summary procedure and summons trial procedure can be followed where sentence exceeding one year may be necessary taking into account the fact that compensation under Section 357(3) Cr.P.C. with sentence of less than one year will not be adequate, having regard to the amount of cheque, conduct of the accused and other circumstances.

20. In every complaint under Section 138 of the Act, it may be desirable that the complainant gives his bank account number and if possible e-mail ID of the accused. If e-mail ID is available with the Bank where the accused has an account, such Bank, on being required, should furnish such e-mail ID to the payee of the cheque. In every summons, issued to the accused, it may be indicated that if the accused deposits the specified amount, which should be assessed by the Court having regard to the cheque amount and interest/cost, by a specified date, the accused need not appear unless required and proceedings may be closed subject to any valid objection of the complainant . If the accused complies with such summons and informs the Court and the complainant by e-mail, the Court can ascertain the objection, if any, of the complainant and close the proceedings unless it becomes necessary to proceed with

the case. In such a situation, the accused’s presence can be required, unless the presence is otherwise exempted subject to such conditions as may be considered appropriate. The accused, who wants to contest the case, must be required to disclose specific defence for such contest. It is open to the Court to ask specific questions to the accused at that stage. In case the trial is to proceed, it will be open to the Court to explore the possibility of settlement. It will also be open to the Court to consider the provisions of plea bargaining. Subject to this, the trial can be on day to day basis and endeavour must be to conclude it within six months. The guilty must be punished at the earliest as per law and the one who obeys the law need not be held up in proceedings for long unnecessarily.

21. It will be open to the High Courts to consider and lay down category of cases where proceedings or part thereof can be conducted online by designated courts or otherwise. The High

Courts may also consider issuing any further updated directions for dealing with Section 138 cases in the light of judgments of this Court.

…………………………………..J.

[ADARSH KUMAR GOEL]

…………………………………..J.

[UDAY UMESH LALIT]

OCTOBER 5, 2017.